Reflections on a Movement - Mark Bautista - James Estillore - Paolo Garcia - Nadia Mohebati

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R E F L E C T I N G O N C R Y S T A L M U N ٌ H Y E B A I K ' S " M I L I T A R I Z E D M I G R A T I O N S "

"7E ARE HERE BECA5SE 9O5 7ERE 4HERE"

In "Militarized Migrations", author MunٌHye Baik reveals the social and political realities of the AmericanٌKorean War, and emphasizes the rationalized and genderdized migration of Koreans to the United States. Shortly after WW2, tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union arose. Both powerful nations fought a proxy war between the USٌbacked South Korea and the Sovietٌbacked North Korea. Back emphasizes that majority whiteٌAmerican service members and Koreans shared intimacies as early as a few years after WW2. Contact between American service members and Koreans started when 70,000 American troops entered South Korea in September 1945. Some Korean women such as Lee Yong Soon worked as a soٌcalled ٗcommunications supervisor٘ for the U.S. military; others worked as military language teachers and other languageٌrelated positions. This laid the groundwork for Korean and American integration, and eventual sexual exploitation as further explained below. The implications of the Korean War were sanitized through the formal language of global freedom and mobility, individual autonomy, and voluntary immigration. They justified the occupation of sovereign nations by emphasizing the need to save and protect effeminized countries against communism. Most, if not all, of Korean migration since 1950 can be traced to the war and its consequences. State policies at the time reflect how the privileged ledgers of government decisions rendered a selective cohort of Koreans as viable Americans by premising their citizenship on racial, gendered, and sexual differencesThe temporary policies were not so ephemeral or transitory but produced a lasting imprint on permanent immigration legislation, while sustaining the United Statesٚ selfٌcrafted image as the humanitarian leader of the ٗfreeٌ world٘. The shift of the U.S. military presence from shortٌterm to longٌ term occupation had a domino effect on industries surrounding the bases. Temporary living quarters on military bases previously controlled by the Japanese Imperial Army became makeshift living quarters for American soldiers. This led to the hasty building of accomodations, businesses and entertainment venues catering to U.S. soldiers, and these areas were called ٗcamptowns٘. One to highlight were the military brothels for the gathering and leisure of soldiers, which are still present to this day, employed approximately thirty thousand licensed Korean female ٗentertainment٘ workers. Most Korean women who married U.S. soldiers and migrated to the United States were part of the camptown economy in one form or another, but also the mere presence of U.S. military in South Korea created opportunities for social interface between locals and soldiersNearly 84 ڭ of the 14,000 Koreans who entered the U.S. between 1951 and 1964 were spouses of American servicemembers, or Korean/multiracial children who were awaiting adoption.

R E F L E C T I N G O N C R Y S T A L M U N ٌ H Y E B A I K ' S " M I L I T A R I Z E D M I G R A T I O N S "

The Ɉime beɈɩeeȁ נןפל ɩheȁ KȌȲea ɩaȺ diɨided aȁd AmeȲicaȁ ȌccɐȯaɈiȌȁ begaȁ ɈȌ ןספל ɩheȁ ɈheȲe ɩeȲe ȺeɨeȲal chaȁgeȺ ɈȌ U ى S ى immigȲaɈiȌȁ ȯȌlicɯ gȲeaɈlɯ imȯacɈed Ɉhe KȌȲeaȁ diaȺȯȌȲa ى AȺ Baik ȯȲeȺeȁɈȺ ل Ɉhe KȌȲeaȁ WaȲ ل Ɉhe CȌld WaȲ ل aȁd miliɈaȲiɹed migȲaɈiȌȁȺ had laȲge effecɈȺ Ȍȁ KȌȲeaȁȺ ɩhȌ had migȲaɈed ɈȌ Ɉhe U ى S ى aɈ Ɉhe Ɉime aȺ ɩell aȺ Ȍȁ ȺɐbȺeȱɐeȁɈ geȁeȲaɈiȌȁȺ Ȍf KȌȲeaȁ٧AmeȲicaȁȺ bȌȲȁ iȁ Ɉhe U ى S ى Baik diȺcɐȺȺeȺ Ɉhe ȌȲal hiȺɈȌȲieȺ fȲȌm Eɐȁ٧JȌȁg ٵ Ⱥ familɯ aȁd Miȁ YȌȁg ɈȌ Ȳeallɯ ȯȌȲɈȲaɯ hȌɩ Ȍfficial hiȺɈȌȲɯ ȺhȌɐld be ȱɐeȺɈiȌȁed bɯ ȁaȲȲaɈiɨe eɮȯeȲieȁceȺ ى LȌȌkiȁg aɈ ɈheȺe ȌȲal hiȺɈȌȲieȺ ل iɈٍȺ cleaȲ hȌɩ KȌȲeaȁȺ aȁd KȌȲeaȁ AmeȲicaȁȺ ɩeȲe aȁd ȺɈill aȲe haɨiȁg feeliȁgȺ Ȍf aȁɮieɈieȺ ل feaȲ ل aȁd cȌȁfɐȺiȌȁ ɩheɈheȲ ɈhaɈ be fȲȌm hidiȁg a cȌȁȁecɈiȌȁ ɈȌ NȌȲɈh KȌȲea aȁd Ɉhe ɐȁɩaɨeȲiȁg ȁȌɈiȌȁ Ȍf ȯȌȺȺible ɩaȲ ɈȌ hiddeȁ familɯ hiȺɈȌȲieȺ ɈhaɈ familieȺ ȺeldȌm ȺhaȲe ى MȌȲeȺȌ ل ɩe Ⱥee hȌɩ Ɉhe diaȺȯȌȲic eɮȯeȲieȁce ɩaȺ ȁȌɈ ȺeamleȺȺ ȌȲ ɈȲajecɈȌȲɯ bɐɈ ȲaɈheȲ Ȳacialiɹed ل geȁdeȲed ل aȁd ȌȁgȌiȁg iȁ Ɉhe facade Ȍf Ɉhe U ى S ى ٍȺ ȯȲȌȯȌȺed ٲ libeȲal iȁclɐȺiȌȁ aȁd hɐmaȁiɈaȲiaȁiȺm ٳى The laȺɈiȁg effecɈȺ Ȍf Ɉhe KȌȲeaȁ WaȲ caȁ be Ⱥeeȁ bȌɈh iȁ Ɉhe KȌȲeaȁ PeȁiȁȺɐla aȁd Ɉhe UȁiɈed SɈaɈeȺ ɈhȲȌɐgh a ȺȌcial aȁd ȯȌliɈical leȁȺ ى AȺ a ȲeȺɐlɈ Ȍf Ɉhe ɈhȲee٧ɯeaȲ lȌȁg ɩaȲ ل Ɉhe KȌȲeaȁ PeȁiȁȺɐla eɮȯeȲieȁced ȌɨeȲ מ milliȌȁ faɈaliɈieȺ aȁd maȺȺ migȲaɈiȌȁȺ ɈhaɈ diɨided familɯ membeȲȺ acȲȌȺȺ Ɉhe bȌȲdeȲ ى Iȁ ȯȌȺɈ٧ɩaȲ SȌɐɈh KȌȲea ل aȁɈicȌmmɐȁiȺɈ ȺeȁɈimeȁɈ ɩaȺ deeȯlɯ iȁȺɈiɈɐɈiȌȁaliɹed ɈhȲȌɐgh gȌɨeȲȁmeȁɈ ȯȌlicieȺ aȁd ȺȌcial iȁɈeȲacɈiȌȁȺ ɈhaɈ fɐȲɈheȲ diɨided Ɉhe ɈɩȌ cȌɐȁɈȲieȺ ى TheȺe aȁɈicȌmmɐȁiȺɈ ȺeȁɈimeȁɈȺ led ɈȌ eȺcalaɈed ɈeȁȺiȌȁȺ beɈɩeeȁ Ɉhe ɈɩȌ cȌɐȁɈȲieȺ ɈhaɈ aȲe ȺɈill eɨideȁɈ ɈȌdaɯ ل aȺ KȌȲeaȁȺ Ȍȁ bȌɈh ȺideȺ Ȍf Ɉhe bȌȲdeȲ liɨe ɩiɈh Ɉhe feaȲ Ȍf ɩaȲ bȲeakiȁg ȌɐɈ ى OɨeȲ Ɉhe ɯeaȲȺ ل Ɉhe hȌȯe fȌȲ a Ȳeɐȁified KȌȲea ȺeemȺ mȌȲe aȁd mȌȲe ɐȁlikelɯ ل hȌɩeɨeȲ ل familɯ ȲeɐȁificaɈiȌȁ effȌȲɈȺ haɨe emȯhaȺiɹed Ɉhe ȺɈȲȌȁg cɐlɈɐȲal ȺimilaȲiɈieȺ aȁd hiȺɈȌȲical ɈieȺ beɈɩeeȁ NȌȲɈh aȁd SȌɐɈh KȌȲea ى AȺ a ȲeȺɐlɈ Ȍf Ɉhe KȌȲeaȁ diaȺȯȌȲa makiȁg iɈȺ ɩaɯ ɈȌ Ɉhe UȁiɈed SɈaɈeȺ ل Ɉhe AmeȲicaȁ ȯeȲȺȯecɈiɨeȺ Ȍȁ KȌȲeaȁȺ ɩeȲe gȲeaɈlɯ iȁflɐeȁced bɯ Ɉhe ɩaȲ ى AȺ ɈhȌɐȺaȁdȺ Ȍf KȌȲeaȁȺ immigȲaɈed ɈȌ Ɉhe U ى S ى afɈeȲ Ɉhe ɩaȲ ل immigȲaɈiȌȁ ȯȌlicieȺ ȺɐȲȲȌɐȁdiȁg KȌȲeaȁ ɩȌmeȁ aȁd childȲeȁ ȲeflecɈed Ɉhe geȁdeȲiɹed aȁd Ȳacialiɹed aɈɈiɈɐdeȺ Ȍf AmeȲicaȁ ȺȌldieȲȺ ɈȌɩaȲdȺ Ɉhem ى AF4ER EFFEC4S OF 4HE KOREAN 7AR

IN 4HE LOOP Baik meȁɈiȌȁȺ Ɉhe TȲɐmȯ admiȁiȺɈȲaɈiȌȁ ٵ Ⱥ iȁciɈemeȁɈ Ȍf ȯȌlemical flameȺ ɩiɈh NȌȲɈh KȌȲea iȁ עלכם aȁd ىףלכם She gȌeȺ Ȍȁ ɈȌ Ⱥaɯ ɈhaɈ ɈeȁȺiȌȁȺ beɈɩeeȁ NȌȲɈh aȁd SȌɐɈh KȌȲea cȌȁɈiȁɐe ɈȌ ȲaiȺe ل aȁd ɈhaɈ ɩaȲ aɈ ɈhiȺ ȯȌiȁɈ almȌȺɈ ȺeemȺ immiȁeȁɈ ى ThiȺ iȺ aȁ ɐȁfȌȲɈɐȁaɈe ل bɐɈ ɈȲɐe ȲealiɈɯ ɈhaɈ iȺ fɐȲɈheȲ eɮaceȲbaɈed bɯ a bȲaɹeȁ ل diɨiȺiɨe POTUS ى The ɈeɮɈ helȯȺ ɐȺ ɐȁdeȲȺɈaȁd ɈhaɈ Ɉhe ȺɈaɈe Ȍf ɈeȁȺiȌȁ beɈɩeeȁ NȌȲɈh aȁd SȌɐɈh KȌȲea aȲe dɐe iȁ laȲge ȯaȲɈ ɈȌ AmeȲica iȁ Ɉhe fiȲȺɈ ȯlace٧٧Ɉhe facɈ ɈhaɈ PȲeȺideȁɈ TȲɐmȯ iȺ addiȁg fɐel ɈȌ Ɉhe fiȲe iȺ a claȺȺic demȌȁȺɈȲaɈiȌȁ Ȍf Ɉhe daȁgeȲ Ȍf AmeȲica ٵ Ⱥ Ɉeȁdeȁcɯ ɈȌ ȯȌlice Ɉhe ɩȌȲld ى ThiȺ ɈeɮɈ helȯȺ ɐȺ ɐȁdeȲȺɈaȁd Ɉhe hiȺɈȌȲical aȁd ȺȌcial cȌȁɈeɮɈ Ȍf KȌȲeaȁ aȁd AmeȲicaȁ ȲelaɈiȌȁȺ ى OfɈeȁɈimeȺ ل Ɉhe ȲelaɈiȌȁȺhiȯ beɈɩeeȁ KȌȲea aȁd AmeȲica iȺ Ȍȁlɯ eɮȯlaiȁed iȁ ɈeȲmȺ Ȍf ȺɈȲicɈlɯ hiȺɈȌȲɯ ل miliɈaȲɯ ل aȁd ȯȌliɈicȺ ى HȌɩeɨeȲ ل Baik dȌeȺ aȁ eɮcelleȁɈ jȌb iȁ ɐȁdeȲȺcȌȲiȁg Ɉhe effecɈȺ Ȍf ȺȌcial iȁɈegȲaɈiȌȁ aȁd eɮȯlȌiɈaɈiȌȁ ى TȌdaɯ ل miliɈaȲɯ aȁd ȯȌliɈical effecɈȺ aȲe eɮiȺɈeȁɈ aȁd hɯȯeȲɨiȺible ى BɐɈ ل mȌȺɈ ȯeȌȯle aȲe ȁȌɈ aɩaȲe Ȍf Ɉhe ȺȌcial effecɈȺ Ȍf AmeȲicaȁ eɮȯlȌiɈaɈiȌȁ ل Ⱥɐch aȺ hȌɩ ۈכם Ȍf KȌȲeaȁ AmeȲicaȁȺ ɈȌdaɯ caȁ ɈȲace ɈheiȲ heȲiɈage ɈȌ KȌȲeaȁ ɩaȲ bȲideȺ ى

Nĩ RefŖge in RefŖgee

During the Vietnam War, U.S.-colonized islands became the stepping stones for many Vietnamese refugees before they traveled to their final destination ê the United States. The material and ideological conversion of U.S. military bases on these islands into refuges discursively transformed America from violent aggressor in Vietnam to benevolent rescuer of its people. In ‘Militarized Refuge(es)’, however, Espiritu challenges this logic and reveals the violent roles these military bases played in the war-induced displacement of the Vietnamese people.

In 1975, 92% of the first-wave Vietnamese refugees who fled to the United States trekked through the Philippines, Guam or Wake Island ê islands that were prominent with U.S. military bases. These islands that were colonized by the U.S. were transformed into strategic sites for advancing American economic and military interests, and specifically allowed the military outpost and stepping stones to China and the Asian mainland.Espiritu argues that the Philippines was the United States’ “first Vietnam,… in order to demonstrate America’s normalization of imperialism and exploitative militarism in the Asia Pacific region. She points out the Philippines-American War, which resulted in the death of a million Filipinos as well as annexation.Because Guam is the largest island between the Philippines and Hawaii, the United States placed a key interest on this Micronesian island. In the early 1950’s, the United States controlled close to 60% of the island. Today, military installations occupy one third of Guam.During the Vietnam War, Espiritu points out that places like Guam and the Philippines became dumping grounds for Vietnamese refugees. Through this action, we see how the U.S. continues to regard indigenous land as “empty… land and brown bodies as fit for tossing around without any implications.

The creation of the “good refugee… enabled the United States to convey the Vietnam War as a “good war.…In the context of war, Americans valorized the U.S.’s efforts in saving refugees but failed to recognize the destructive actions such as the Nixon Doctrine and Operation Babylift that tore Vietnamese families apart and killed many innocent “internal… refugees. The Philippines and Guam served as receiving centers for these Southeast Asian refugees before many of them were brought to California. Displacement via United States militarism demonstrated raw, brutal, and destructive forces.When the Vietnamese were brought to the U.S., many forget that the majority of Americans didn’t welcome them to the point where Americans urged the government to not allocate any government assistance to them.The U.S. represented Southeast Asian refugees as the white man’s burden, and the United States as the magnanimous rescuers, suggesting that it was a humanitarian intervention. However, in reality the whole process was “militarized violence… and represented the “destructive forces that Western imperial powers unleash on these islands and bodies of racialized peoples across time and space.…

The U.S.S. Midway is docked in Downtown San Diego at this very moment. Espiritu cites that in 2010, a special commemoration was given on Midway’s flight deck to honor the 35th anniversary of Operation Frequent Wind. Reportedly, Midway sailors rescued more than 3,000 Vietnamese refugees that were fleeing from the Fall of Saigon. This 2010 commemoration billed the Operation as a “remarkable rescue mission… where “untold lives were saved.… Espiritu claims “performances of gratitude,… on behalf of the Vietnamese refugees present. Her reasoning is that such military “rescues… are being met with praise as if racialized refugees were pursuing voluntary migration rather than forced, militarized displacement. Today, this is a relevant example of America’s tendency to frame events as if the rest of the world wants an American world police. The United States’ role in transpacific migrations was a result of the imperialism and militarization of the Asia- Pacific region. Their involvement in the Vietnam War created the refugee crisis in the first place, despite the narratives of humanitarian refuge and liberation.The Vietnamese diaspora in the Philippines, Guam, and the continental United States is linked to the displacement of indigenous Filipinos, Chamorros, and Native Americans, since many refugee centers were located on indigenous lands that resulted from the military colonialism in these places. The effects of the colonization and militarization of these islands are still present today. U.S. military maintains jurisdiction over approximately 39,000 acres, or one-third of Guam’s total land area., making it have the “highest ratio of U.S. military spending and military hardware and land takings from indigenous U/S/ populations of any place on earth.…

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When does a war end ي When can I say your name and have it mean only your name and not what you left behind ي

Once ٙwarٚ enters you it never leaves, but merely echoes ى

Ma, to speak in our mother tongue is to speak only partially in Vietnamese, but entirely in war ى That night I promised myself I ٵ d never be wordless when you needed me to speak for you ى

Because the sunset, like survival, exists only on the verge of its own disappearing ى To be gorgeous, you must first be seen, but to be seen allows you to be hunted ى

REFLECTING ON ROBERT LEE' S "COLD WAR ORIGINS OF THE MODEL MINORIT< M

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